LC-MS(n) and direct infusion-MS(n) have been applied for the first time to the characterisation of crude thearubigins isolated from black tea. The data generated have been used to test two hypotheses of thearubigin structure: (i) that a significant fraction of the thearubigins consist of polyhydroxylated derivatives of the better-known catechin dimers (theaflavins, theaflavin mono- and di-gallates, theacitrins) in redox equilibrium with their associated quinones; and (ii) that a significant fraction of the thearubigins consist of dicarboxylic acids generated by oxidative cleavage of aromatic diols. The data were consistent with the polyhydroxylation hypothesis and did not support the dicarboxylic acid hypothesis. Evidence is presented for the presence in crude thearubigins of at least 29 hydroxylated theaflavins (with between one and six oxygen insertions), at least 12 theaflavin mono-gallates (with between one and six oxygen insertions), at least nine theaflavin di-gallates (with between one and four oxygen insertions), and at least ten theacitrin mono-gallates (with between one and four oxygen insertions). Evidence is also presented for at least ten mono- or di-quinone forms of the parent compounds and hydroxylated derivatives in each of these homologous series. A general method for the analysis of complex mixtures by tandem LC-MS is furthermore introduced and established.