PAH concentrations in the moss species Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G. and Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. from the Kielce area (south-central Poland)

Abstract

Forty eight samples of mosses Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi from the Kielce area (south-central Poland) were analyzed for seventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The PAH concentrations varied from 558.00 μg/kg (ppb) to 4457.00 μg/kg in H. splendens and from 643.00 to 3086.00 μg/kg in P. schreberi. In both moss species phenanthrene (75.00-732.00 μg/kg), fluoranthene (101.00-577.00 μg/kg) and pyrene (68.00-568.00 μg/kg) predominated, but H. splendens accumulated more PAHs than P. schreberi at eighteen different sites. The highest PAH concentrations were noted at sites located close to the housing estates (sites 1-10) and potential emission sources (e.g. heat and power generating plant "Kielce S.A.") (sites 19-21). The moss samples displayed the diverse ring sequence, but the most prevalent was four>five>three>six. The diagnostic ratios (three+four ring/total PAHs, Flu/Py, Phen/Ant, Phen/Phen+Ant, Flu/Flu+Py, IndPy/IndPy+BghiPe and BaA/BaA+Chr) indicated that coal and petroleum combustion was a principal PAH source in the study area.