The HIV/AIDS pandemic is not over yet. Every day about 7,400 new patients are infected with HIV. Currently, in Israel there are 4,525 patients diagnosed with HIV and we estimate that there are an additional 1,100 undiagnosed HIV-infected patients. Important issues are: early diagnosis and the initiation of treatment (HAART--Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy) at an earlier disease stage (for all patients with CD4 < or = 350 cells/microl; when indicated to patients with CD4 > 350 cells/microl) defining specific regimen for each individual patient, are crucial. In order to prevent HIV infection and to eliminate the pandemic, an effective vaccine is mandatory.