Sorption of biocides, triazine and phenylurea herbicides, and UV-filters onto secondary sludge

Abstract

The sludge-water distribution of a total of 41 organic micropollutants (9 phenylurea herbicides, 11 triazines, 16 biocides and 5 UV-filters) was investigated in laboratory batch experiments with fresh secondary sludge taken from a municipal WWTP. Sorption kinetics as well as sorption isotherms were examined by analyzing the compound concentration in the aqueous and solid phase for mass balance control and quality assurance. The sorption kinetic experiments revealed a sorption equilibrium time of <2 h and adverse effects of sodium azide on the sludge-water distribution of several compounds. Sorption isotherms were constructed for 6 different spiking levels spanning 3 orders of magnitude (100 ng L(-1)-30,000 ng L(-1)) and were well described by the Freundlich model. For some compounds non-linear sorption with Freundlich exponents n < 1 revealed a decreased sorption affinity to the sludge flocs with increasing aqueous phase concentration. Therefore, sludge-water distribution coefficients (K(d,sec)) were calculated from the isotherm data for a constant concentration level of 1 μg L(-1). Based on the sludge dry weight (dw), the K(d,sec) values of phenylurea herbicides ranged from 9 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (isoproturon) to 320 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (neburon), those of triazines from 5 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (atrazine) to 190 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (terbutryn), those of biocides from 10 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (N,N-dimethyl-N'-p-tolylsulfamide) to 40,000 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (triclocarban) and those of UV-filters from 9 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid) to 720 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (benzophenone-3). For most compounds K(d,sec) values were below 500 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) and thus removal in WWTPs by the withdrawal of excess sludge is expected to be negligible (<10%) except for the biocides triclocarban (80-95%), triclosan (55-85%), chlorophene (30-60%), imazalil (25-55%) and fenpropimorph (15-40%) as well as the UV-filter benzophenone-3 (5-20%). A simple linear free-energy relationship (LFER) approach using the logarithmized octanol-water partition coefficient log K(OW) as single descriptor is discussed for a rough classification of nonionic compounds regarding their potential removal in WWTPs by sorption.