Aims: Due to recent changes in national health policy and a subsequent increase in clinicians' workload, medical residents in Germany feel that the growing burden of documentation duties leaves too little time for direct patient care. Thus, to describe the daily workflow in cardiology wards with more accuracy, this real-time observational study detailed all tasks performed by resident cardiologists during daily shifts at German hospitals.
Methods: Daily routines of 20 resident cardiologists at four German hospitals were observed and recorded in real time during the study period from September 2009 to January 2010. Each participant was shadowed during three entire day shifts by an observer, who recorded all tasks performed by the cardiologist.
Results: During the study period, 60 workdays (512 h) of observation took place. On average, doctors worked 08:31 h per day (SD = 00:32 h). Most time was spent on meetings (2:51 h), on administration duties (1:22 h), on ward rounds and admission to hospital (0:42 h) and on breaks (0:30 h). Doctors were interrupted every 16 min and spent 16.20% of each workday multitasking.
Conclusion: Ward rounds, meetings and administrative duties took up two-thirds of an average workday. Little time was spent on direct patient care relative to other clinical tasks such as paperwork and management. High rates of interruptions and multitasking were found. As the medical workforce is valuable, changes in the organization of workflow should be made in order to minimize residents' administrative duties and paperwork; thus, cardiologists' job satisfaction might increase.