Fusarium verticillioides, the most common causal organism of Fusarium stalk and ear rot of maize in Northern Italy, produces important mycotoxins such as fumonisins. Reproductive biology of F. verticillioides has been widely studied in numerous maize growing areas, but up to now no information is available on the mating behavior and genetic structure of this plant pathogen in Italy. Mating type and female fertility distribution and effective population number, N ( e ), were assessed for a population of 181 F. verticillioides strains isolated from three fields located in Lombardia region (Northern Italy) during 2007-2008 maize growing season. The ratio of MAT-1:MAT-2 was significantly different from the theoretical 1:1 ratio expected in an idealized population in which individuals mate at random. The frequency of hermaphroditic strains was 20 % of the total population. N ( e ) for mating type was 89 % of the count (total population) and the N ( e ) for male or hermaphrodite status was 55 %. The number of isolates that can function as the female parent limited N ( e ) in the examined population. Under equilibrium cycle, assuming that female fertility has been lost due to selection and mutation rate during asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction needed to occur only once per 40 to 118 asexual generations to maintain this level of sexual fertility.