Recognition of mycobacterial antigens by receptors of phagocytes is not only a key element of the first line of defense, but also an important link to the specific phase of the immune response. The immune response is based on the existence of a number of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that recognize conservative microbial structures called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). These receptors are involved in the processes of opsonization and phagocytosis of pathogens, activation of the complement system, induction of apoptosis and signal transduction cell systems. The initiated signal cascade is supposed to lead to the mobilization of immune forces against the penetrating pathogen and is aimed at its fast elimination from the body. Understanding the role of these receptors in the antimycobacterial immune response appears to be fully justified in view of their potential application in distinguishing persons particularly sensitive to tuberculosis as well as in the development of new generation vaccines for prophylaxis and therapy and new biomarkers for improvement of the difficult and time-consuming diagnosis of mycobacterial infections.