This article defines wisdom and despair as choices for cognitively intact older adults. Some individuals are able to integrate the conditions of old age while others respond in ways that inhibit effective integration. The conscious aging theory, as well as Erikson's developmental theory regarding achievement of integrity/wisdom, provides a theoretical basis for exploration of this topic. Constructs of personality, including self-concept, self-acceptance, destiny control, interiority, rigidity, and flexibility, are described. Finally, guidelines for nurses working with older adults who are facing this developmental stage of life are provided.
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