Diffusion weighted inner volume imaging of lumbar disks based on turbo-STEAM acquisition

Abstract

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is described which, in contrast to echo planar imaging (EPI), is insensitive to off-resonance effects caused by tissue susceptibility differences, magnetic field inhomogeneities, or chemical shifts. The sequence combines a diffusion weighted (DW) spin-echo preparation and a stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) module. Inner volume imaging (IVI) allows reduced rectangular field-of-view (FoV) in the phase encode direction, while suppressing aliasing artifacts that are usually the consequence of reduced FoVs. Sagittal turbo-STEAM images of the lumbar spine were acquired at 3.0T with 2.0 × 2.0 mm² in-plane resolution and 7 mm slice thickness with acquisition times of 407 ms per image. To calculate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in lumbar intervertebral disks (IVDs), the DW gradients were applied in three orthogonal gradient directions with b-values of 0 and 300 s/mm². For initial assessment of the ADC of normal and abnormal IVDs a pilot study with 8 subjects was performed. Mean ADC values of all normal IVDs were (2.27±0.40)×10⁻³ mm²/s and (1.89±0.34)×10⁻³ mm²/s for turbo-STEAM IVI and SE-EPI acquisition, respectively. Corresponding mean ADC values, averaged over all abnormal disks, were (1.93±0.39)×10⁻³ mm²/s and (1.51±0.46)×10⁻³ mm²/s, respectively, indicating a substantial ADC decrease (p<0.001).