Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) 4 and 5 regulate the inflammatory activity of macrophages. Whether FABPs 4 and 5 could play a role in the pathogenesis of BPD via the promotion of macrophage inflammatory activity is unknown. This study sought to examine whether the expression levels of FABP4 and FABP5 were altered in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue in a baboon model of BPD. This study also sought to characterize the cell types that express these proteins. Real-time PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and double immunofluorescence were used to examine the expression of FABPs in samples of BPD. Morphometric analysis was used to quantify FABP4-positive peribronchial blood vessels in lung sections. FABP4 was primarily expressed in macrophages in samples of BPD. In addition, FABP4 was expressed in the endothelial cells of blood vessels in peribronchial areas and the vasa vasorum, but not in the alveolar vasculature in samples of BPD. FABP4 concentrations were significantly increased in lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples with BPD. An increased density of FABP4-positive peribronchial blood vessels was evident in both baboon and human BPD sections. FABP5 was expressed in several cell types, including alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages. FABP5 concentrations did not show any significant alterations in BPD. In conclusion, FABP4 but not FABP5 levels are increased in BPD. FABP4 is differentially expressed in endothelial cells of the bronchial microvasculature, which demonstrates a previously unrecognized expansion in BPD.