Visualization, dermatopharmacokinetic analysis and monitoring the conformational effects of a microemulsion formulation in the skin stratum corneum

Abstract

The use of nano-systems such as the microemulsions is considered as an increasingly implemented strategy in order to enhance the percutaneous transport into and across the skin barrier. The determination of the major pathway of penetration and the mechanisms by which these formulations work remains crucial. In this study, laser confocal scanning microscopy was used to visualize the penetration and the distribution of a fluorescently-labelled microemulsion (using 0.1% w/v Nile red) consisting of (%, w/w) 15.4% oleic acid, 30.8% Tween 20, 30.8% Transcutol® and 23% water. The surface images revealed that the microemulsion accumulated preferentially in the intercellular domains of the stratum corneum. Additionally, by analysis of the images taken across the whole stratum corneum (SC), the penetration was found to occur along its whole depth. The latter result was confirmed using tape stripping and the subsequent sensitive analysis using liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy. Dermatopharmacokinetic parameters were obtained for the microemulsion different components. These values proved the breakage of the microemulsion during its penetration across the stratum corneum. Moreover, the mechanisms of penetration enhancement and the micro molecular effects on the skin stratum corneum were investigated using attenuated Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The results revealed the penetration of all the microemulsion components in the stratum corneum and demonstrated the microemulsion interaction with the skin barrier perturbing its architecture structure.