Adipose tissue is an important organ that produces and secretes hormones and cytokines, including TGF-β1, PDGF-AA, and VEGF-A. The goal of the present study was to investigate the influence of a single session of acute exercise, as well as the prolonged endurance training on the production of TGF-β1, PDGF-AA, and VEGF-A in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue in rats. Rats were randomly divided into two groups: untrained (UT, n = 30) and trained rats (T, subjected to 6-week endurance training with increasing load, n = 29). Both groups were subjected to an acute exercise session with the same work load. The rats were killed before (UTpre, Tpre), immediately after (UT0h, T0h), or 3 h (UT3h, T3h) after exercise and adipose tissue samples collected. Growth factor mRNA was evaluated using RT-PCR; the protein levels were measured before and after training (UTpre and Tpre) using the immunoenzymatic method. TGF-β1 and PDGF-AA mRNA levels were decreased in the UT3h rats compared to the UTpre rats (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.03, respectively), but the VEGF-A mRNA level remained unchanged in the UT0h and UT3h rats compared to UTpre rats. TGF-β1, PDGF-AA and VEGF-A mRNA levels were decreased in the T3h rats compared to Tpre (P = 0.0002, P = 0.02, and P = 0.03, respectively). TGF-β1, PDGF-AA and VEGF-A mRNA levels significantly increased in the Tpre rats compared to UTpre (all P = 0.0002). However, the protein levels remained constant. In conclusion, prolonged physical exercise increases growth factor mRNA in adipose tissue but not protein levels.