Tibial pilon fractures: which method of treatment?

Abstract

A comprehensive review of the existing literature, related to treatment options and management principles of pilon fractures was performed, and its results are presented. The identified series advocate in favour of a number of different treatment strategies and fixation methods. Decision making was mostly dependent on the severity of the local injury, the fracture pattern, the condition of the soft tissues, patient's profile and surgical expertise. External fixation and conservative treatment did not provide sufficient articular congruence in many cases. Internal fixation allowed excellent restoration of joint congruity in Rüedi type I and II fractures. A staged approach, consisting of fibular plating and temporary bridging external fixation, later substituted by an internal minimal invasive osteosynthesis or by a definitive external fixation, was favourable for Rüedi type III fractures. Closed pilon fractures with bad soft tissue conditions (Tscherne ≥ 3) or open pilon fractures are regarded as contraindication of open reduction plate fixation. Anatomic reduction of the fracture, restoration of joint's congruence, reconstruction of the posterior column, with minimal soft tissue insult, were all highlighted as of paramount importance.