Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgery is the only curative therapy for localized gastric cancer, but the extent of regional lymphadenectomy has been a matter of considerable debate. Extended resections that are regarded as standard procedures in some Asian countries, including Japan and Korea, have not been shown to be as effective in Western countries. The extent of lymphadenectomy for advanced gastric cancer has been studied in many prospective randomized controlled trials. On the other hand, patients with early gastric cancer have an excellent survival rate (>90%) after radical surgery. Lymph node metastasis from early gastric cancer is relatively infrequent. Therefore, it might be practical to perform less invasive surgery for early gastric cancer. In this review article, we examine the evidence for lymph node dissection as radical surgery in advanced gastric cancer and the possibility of limited resection for early gastric cancer.