Genetic and antigenic typing of border disease virus (BDV) isolates from Italy reveals the existence of a novel BDV group

Abstract

Border disease virus belongs to the Pestivirus genus, within the family Flaviviridae. Genetic analysis of pestiviruses isolated from sheep in continental Europe have led to the proposal that BDV isolates are segregated into at least seven clusters. In 2005 the molecular analysis of an Italian caprine BDV strain provided evidence for the presence of an atypical pestivirus, which may represent the first member of a putative novel pestivirus sub-group. To further build on this study, ovine pestivirus strains were isolated from small ruminant flocks and characterized both genetically and antigenically. A defined section of the 5'UTR and the complete N(pro) coding region were amplified and used for phylogenetic analysis. This revealed that these pestiviruses belong to the BDV species but differed significantly from all previously described ovine pestiviruses providing evidence for the presence of a novel genetic group. Four of the five isolates were also typed antigenically with a panel of pestivirus specific mAbs directed against NS2/3, E(rns) and E2 proteins. The four isolates reacted with a distinct set of mAbs, in particular against the BDV-E2 and the BDV-E(rns) epitopes. The isolates were greatly reactive for E(rns) and NS2/3 mAbs, which are otherwise typical for BVDV-2, and one E2 mAb that typically stains BVDV-1. The Italian pestiviruses analysed in this study, according to their antigenic and genetic properties, clustered into a novel phylogenetic group, that we propose to term BDV-7.