There is growing interest in the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of long-term complications of HIV disease and its therapies. Specifically, studies focused on cardiovascular, renal, bone, and fat abnormalities were prominent at the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Although enthusiasm about the effectiveness of current antiretroviral therapy remains strong, collectively, the ongoing work in the area of HIV disease and treatment complications appears to reflect concerns that these clinical problems will continue to remain important and possibly increase over time in the current therapeutic era. This year's conference also highlighted important data on prevention and optimal treatment of common coinfections that occur in HIV-infected individuals, including tuberculosis, influenza, and viral hepatitis.