Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver, being the fifth most frequent cancer worldwide. It usually occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease and has a poor prognosis if untreated. Following the diagnosis, this disease requires multidisciplinary management. Orthotopic liver transplantation is theoretically the best treatment for early, unresectable HCC. However, the major practical obstacle is the extreme shortage of organs, which makes this a practical option only in selected patients. In this report we describe new advancements in diagnosis, classification, and treatment that have emerged in the field of HCC in recent years.