In this study, heavy metals were removed and crude bio-oil was yielded from a heavy metal hyperaccumulator harvest, Sedum alfredii Hance, through hydrothermal upgrading process. This paper reports on the optimization of process parameters for the removal of heavy metals (zinc, lead, and copper) and for the upgrading of crude bio-oil from this biomass in an autoclave. Parameters such as granularity, temperature, pressure, and duration were examined for their effect on the removal efficiency of heavy metals and upgrading efficacy of crude bio-oil. Maximum heavy metal removal efficiency of >99% and crude bio-oil upgrading efficiency of >60% were attained with an 18 mesh (1 mm) granularity, and 22.1 MPa at 370 degrees C in the presence of 10 mg/L additives (K(2)CO(3)) for 60 s. Under these optimized conditions, an oil phase (mostly composed of phenolic hydrocarbons and derivatives), a water phase raffinate (containing Zn(2+) (0.39 g/L), Pb(2+) (0.10 g/L), Cu(2+) (0.15 g/L)), and a solid phase (the hydrothermal upgrading residue, which completely satisfies the limit set by China legislation related to biosolids disposal) were obtained.
2010. Published by Elsevier B.V.