Development, validation and comparison of LC-MS/MS and RIA methods for quantification of vertebrates-like sex-steroids in prosobranch molluscs

Abstract

The role of vertebrate-like sex-steroids (testosterone, T, progesterone, P, and 17beta-estradiol, E2) in molluscs is still debated, but they could represent potential biomarkers of endocrine disruption. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) and a liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods have been developed and compared to measure their levels in a gastropod snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Both methods showed a good reproducibility despite the complex matrix and the very low levels of vertebrate-like sex-steroids. Only T and P were detected using the LC-MS/MS method, while the RIA method reached lower detection limits and enabled the detection of all three steroids. Results indicated that T and P were mainly present as unconjugated forms. Both methods were compared in the analysis of snails exposed to waste water treatment plant effluents and led to the same conclusions concerning the modulation of steroids levels. Moreover, they both were in agreement concerning T measurements. On the other hand, LC-MS/MS appeared to be more suitable when analyzing P levels due to a low sensitivity of the RIA method. As E2 was not measured using the LC-MS/MS method because of a higher detection limit compared to the other steroids, the results obtained with the RIA method should be interpreted with caution. LC-MS/MS remains the gold standard for sex-steroid determinations, however a relevant and alternative method based on RIA was developed, requiring fewer organisms. RIA seems a promising method as a screening tool for experimental use, allowing comparison of sex-steroid levels in the mudsnail both in laboratory and in field experiments.