The high mobility group AT-hook (HMGA) proteins, a family of DNA architectural factors, are highly expressed during embryogenesis and play a crucial role in several different biological processes, as well as in tumorigenesis of a wide range of tissues, including pituitary. Indeed, HMGA2 has been found rearranged and amplified in human prolactinomas, and transgenic mice overexpressing either Hmga1 or Hmga2 develop pituitary adenomas secreting prolactin and growth hormone. Here, we overview HMGA proteins in human tumours, focusing on pituitary adenomas and the mechanisms by which the HMGA proteins are involved in their onset and development. Different HMGA-dependent potential drives of pituitary oncogenesis are discussed as future research directions in the field.
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