Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells capable of initiating a primary immune response and possess the ability to activate T cells and stimulate the growth and differentiation of B cells. DCs provide a direct connection between innate and adaptive immune response, and arise from bone marrow precursors that are present in immature forms in peripheral tissues, where they are prepared to capture antigens. DCs migrate from the peripheral tissues to the closest lymph nodes through afferent lymphatic vessels to present the foreign antigens, stimulating T-cell activation and initiating a cellular immune response. Moreover, it is known that DCs have an important role in various diseases and conditions involving the immune system, particularly in cancer and autoimmune disorders. For these reasons, targeting nanoparticles (NPs) to DCs provides a promising strategy for developing an efficient balanced and protective immune response. NPs can modulate the immune response and might be potentially useful as effective vaccine adjuvants for infectious disease and cancer therapy. The objective of this review is to present the latest advances in NP delivery methods targeting DCs, the mechanisms of action, potential effects, and therapeutic results of these systems and their future applications, such as improved vaccination strategies, cancer immunotherapy, and immunomodulatory treatments. From the clinical editor: Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells capable of initiating a primary immune response and activating T and B cells. The role of DC-s can be considered as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Targeting nanoparticles (NPs) to DCs can modulate the immune response and might be useful as vaccine adjuvants in infectious disease and cancer therapy.
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