Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer among women worldwide, and adenocarcinoma is the most common histological subtype among non-smoking women. Previous studies showed that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may relate to the tumorigenesis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Women with anogenital malignancy have a higher risk of lung cancer, which raises the possibility of HPV transmission from the cervix to the lung. Two postulated pathways are discussed in this work. First, HPV may infect the female cervix and then move to the lung by blood circulation. The second transmission route is the HPV infection of oral cavity resulting from dangerous sexual contacts, and subsequently transmitted to the lung. This chapter also reviews the techniques for detecting the existence, subtypes, and viral load of HPV. Future studies are needed to demonstrate the causal inference between HPV infection and the risk of female lung adenocarcinoma.