Nondestructive assessment of sGAG content and distribution in normal and degraded rat articular cartilage via EPIC-microCT

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of quantifying the Equilibrium Partitioning of an Ionic Contrast agent via Microcomputed Tomography (EPIC-microCT) to nondestructively assess sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content and distribution in rat articular cartilage ex vivo, and in doing so to establish a paradigm for extension of this technique to other small animal models.

Design: After determination of an appropriate incubation time for the anionic contrast agent, EPIC-microCT was used to examine age-related differences in cartilage sGAG content between 4-, 8-, and 16-week old (n=5 each) male Wistar rats and to evaluate sGAG depletion in the right femora of each age group after 60 min of digestion with chondroitinase ABC. The EPIC-microCT measurements were validated by histological safranin-O staining, and reproducibility was evaluated by triplicate scans of six femora.

Results: Cartilage attenuation gradually increased with cumulative digestion time and reached a plateau at approximately 60 min with a 16.0% temporal increase (P<0.01). Average femoral articular cartilage attenuation increased by 14.2% from 4- to 8-weeks of age (P<0.01) and further increased by 2.5% from 8 to 16 weeks (P<0.05). After 60 min of digestion, femoral articular cartilage attenuations increased by 15-17% in each age group (P<0.01). Correspondingly, sGAG optical density decreased with age and digestion, and showed a linear correlation (r=-0.88, slope=-1.26, P<0.01, n=30) with EPIC-microCT cartilage attenuation. High reproducibility was indicated by a low coefficient of variation (1.5%) in cartilage attenuation.

Conclusions: EPIC-microCT imaging provides high spatial resolution and sensitivity to assess sGAG content and three-dimensional distribution in rat femoral articular cartilage.