A study was conducted to determine the seasonal trends in ovarian activity, conception and pregnancy status of cows on communal rangelands in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Ovarian activity and pregnancy status of 200 cows were determined through trans-rectal palpation in June, and October 2007 and January 2008. Month of conception was obtained by subtracting the estimated age of the foetus from the month when pregnancy diagnosis was performed. Body weights and body condition scores (BCS) were collected every month between March 2007 and January 2008. Although cows in the perennial grasslands had higher (P<0.05) body weights and BCS than those in the annual grasslands, they had a significant weight and condition loss between March and October. More than 90% of the cows in the annual grasslands were cycling in January (P<0.05). Over 60% of the cows in the perennial grasslands conceived between December and March compared to 46% in the annual grasslands. About 40% of the cows were pregnant in June in the annual and perennial grasslands. There were more cycling and pregnant cows with a BSC of 3 in the perennial grasslands in June and October compared to annual grasslands (P<0.05). Odds ratio estimates of cows exhibiting ovarian activity and pregnancy in the communal areas were highest for BCS. It was concluded that most cows conceived and exhibited ovarian activity between November and March, especially in the perennial grasslands. Future research should focus on supplementary feeding using locally available feed resources to improve cow reproductive performance in the dry months, particularly in the annual grasslands.
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