Despite a long-standing recognition that factors such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status play a fundamental role in tuberculosis transmission and susceptibility, few molecular epidemiological studies have fully elucidated the etiological mechanisms by which each of these social factors may influence transmission of the disease. In this paper, we propose that in order to achieve this goal, molecular epidemiology must move towards a more holistic approach for disease transmission, thus enabling social theory to be integrated into molecular epidemiological studies on tuberculosis. We then present a social network model to illustrate how molecular and social epidemiology can be combined to study disease transmission patterns, and provide preliminary molecular epidemiological evidence to support the role of social networks in tuberculosis transmission.