High doses of pyrethrins have been shown to produce liver tumors in female rats. Pyrethrins are not genotoxic agents. Pyrethrins produce liver tumors in rats by a mode of action (MOA) involving induction of hepatic xenobiotic metabolising enzymes, hypertrophy, increased cell proliferation, and the development of altered hepatic foci. The relevance of pyrethrins-induced rat liver tumors to human health was assessed by using the 2006 International Programme on Chemical Safety Human Relevance Framework. The postulated rodent tumor MOA was tested against the Bradford Hill criteria and was found to satisfy the conditions of dose and temporal concordance, biological plausibility, coherence, strength, consistency, and specificity that fit with an established mode of action for rodent liver tumor formation by phenobarbital and related compounds, which are activators of the constitutive androstane receptor. Other possible MOAs including mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, hepatic peroxisome proliferation, porphyria, and hormonal pertubation were excluded. The proposed MOA is considered not to be plausible in humans because pyrethrins, like phenobarbital, do not induce cell proliferation in human hepatocytes. Moreover, epidemiological studies with phenobarbital demonstrate that such compounds do not increase the risk of liver tumors in humans. It is concluded that pyrethrins do not pose a hepatocarcinogenic hazard for humans.