Dose-dependent satiating effect of whey relative to casein or soy

Physiol Behav. 2009 Mar 23;96(4-5):675-82. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.01.004.

Abstract

Dietary protein plays a role in body weight regulation, partly because of its effects on appetite. The objective was to compare the effects of high or normal casein-, soy-, or whey-protein breakfasts on appetite, specific hormones, amino acid responses and subsequent energy intake. Twenty-five healthy subjects (mean+/-SEMBMI:23.9+/-0.3 kg/m2; age:22+/-1 years) received standardized breakfasts: custards with either casein-, soy, or whey-protein with either 10/55/35 (normal) or 25/55/20 (high)En% protein/carbohydrate/fat in a randomized, single-blind design. Appetite profile (Visual Analogue Scales) and amino acid concentrations were determined for 4 h whereas plasma glucose, insulin, active Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), and active ghrelin concentrations were determined for 3 h; the sensitive moment for lunch was determined. Subjects returned for a second set of experiments and received the same breakfasts, ad lib lunch was offered 180 min later; energy intake (EI) was assessed. At 10En%, whey decreased hunger more than casein or soy (p <0.05), coinciding with higher leucine, lysine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and threonine responses (p<0.05). At 25En% there were no differences in appetite ratings. Whey triggered the strongest responses in concentrations of active GLP-1 (p<0.05) and insulin (p<0.05) compared with casein and/or soy. There were no differences in EI. In conclusion, differences in appetite ratings between different proteins appeared at a normal concentration; at 10En% whey-protein decreased hunger more than casein- or soy-protein. At 25En% whey-protein triggered stronger responses in hormone concentrations than casein- or soy-protein. The results suggest that a difference in appetite ratings between types of protein appears when certain amino acids are above and below particular threshold values.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study
  • Randomized Controlled Trial

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Amino Acids / blood
  • Analysis of Variance
  • Appetite Regulation / physiology
  • Blood Glucose / metabolism
  • Caseins / metabolism
  • Dietary Proteins / classification
  • Dietary Proteins / metabolism*
  • Energy Intake / physiology*
  • Feeding Behavior / physiology
  • Female
  • Ghrelin / blood
  • Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / blood
  • Humans
  • Hunger / physiology*
  • Insulin / blood
  • Male
  • Milk Proteins / metabolism
  • Postprandial Period / physiology*
  • Reference Values
  • Satiety Response / physiology*
  • Single-Blind Method
  • Soybean Proteins / metabolism
  • Statistics, Nonparametric
  • Whey Proteins
  • Young Adult

Substances

  • Amino Acids
  • Blood Glucose
  • Caseins
  • Dietary Proteins
  • Ghrelin
  • Insulin
  • Milk Proteins
  • Soybean Proteins
  • Whey Proteins
  • Glucagon-Like Peptide 1