The spectrum of stem cells therapeutic uses broadens with advancing knowledge about this biological material. Treatment of spinal injury is one of the areas of stem cell use. Many pre-clinical studies have shown that some cells can, for example, transdifferentiate into neuronal cells and replace those that are damaged. Through secretion of many growth and neuroprotective factors, stem cells prevent, to some extent, progressive cell death, form an environment suitable for regeneration of damaged tissue, facilitate neovascularization, remyelinization etc., and in consequence may improve post-spinal injury neurological deficit. Several clinical studies have been conducted using stem cells in the treatment of spinal injury. The present paper provides a brief overview of potential uses of stem cells in spinal injury treatment.