The potential effects of the removal of olfactory input on adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb were examined. Olfactory organs of adult zebrafish were permanently and completely ablated by cautery and animals were exposed to bromodeoxyuridine then examined following short (4-hour) or long (3-week) survival periods. Short survival times allowed analysis of cell proliferation in the olfactory bulb. Long survival times permitted investigation of survival of adult-formed cells. Deafferentation did not immediately affect the dividing cells in the bulb but did affect the number of adult-formed cells, some of which expressed a neuronal marker, present in the bulb 3 weeks later. Thus, afferent removal influenced the fate of newly formed cells by impacting subsequent divisions, maturation, or survival of those cells. One week of deafferentation altered the pattern of cell genesis, with a significant increase in the number of dividing cells located in the olfactory bulb and also in the ventral telencephalic proliferation zone. Sham surgery did not impact either proliferation or survival of adult-formed cells in the olfactory bulb, suggesting that the deafferentation effect is specific. Thus, afferent innervation is necessary for normal cell proliferation and maintenance of the olfactory bulb in adult zebrafish.