To investigate the responses of Halobacterium salinarum to stimulation with light (phototaxis and photokinesis), we designed an experimental setup consisting of optical devices for automatic video image acquisition and computer-controlled light stimulation, and developed algorithms to analyze physiological responses of the cells. Cells are categorized as motile and nonmotile by a classification scheme based on the square displacement of cell positions. Computerized tracking based on a dynamic model of the stochastic cell movement and a Kalman filter-based algorithm allows smoothed estimates of the cell tracks and the detection of physiological responses to complex stimulus patterns. The setup and algorithms were calibrated which allows quantitative measurements and systematic analysis of cellular sensing and response. Overall, the setup is flexible, extensible, and consists mainly of commercially available products. This facilitates modifications of the setup and algorithms for physiological studies of the motility of cells or microorganisms.