[Viral infections of the fetus and newborn infant]

Pediatr Med Chir. 2008 Jul-Aug;30(4):177-91.
[Article in Italian]

Abstract

Viral infections may be vertically transmitted from mother to child at different times, ranging from in utero transmission, which occurs during pregnancy, perinatal transmission, which takes place during delivery and postnatal transmission, which is usually the consequence of breastfeeding. Mother-to-child transmission, which may occur after primary, recurrent or chronic maternal infection, is potentially harmful to the fetus or the newborn since it may result in miscarriage, fetal death, congenital anomalies, intrauterine growth restriction, or severe neonatal disease. Some risk factors are thought to affect the rate of mother-to-child transmission, such as the presence of other viral infections, maternal viral load, type of infection (primary versus recurrent), obstetrical procedures (prolonged rupture of membranes, mode of delivery), social-economical conditions and breastfeeding. For some of the vertically transmitted viruses, interventions are nowadays available to prevent mother-to-child transmission, such as vaccines, passive immunization, antiviral drugs. Moreover, perinatal and postnatal infections may be prevented by the use of elective caesarean delivery and avoidance of breastfeeding.

Alcuni virus possono essere trasmessi verticalmente da madre a figlio in seguito allo sviluppo, da parte della madre, di un’infezione primaria, ricorrente o cronica. La trasmissione materno-fetale dei virus, che può avvenire in utero (infezione congenita), durante il travaglio del parto (infezione perinatale), oppure attraverso l’allattamento (infezione postnatale), può causare aborto spontaneo, morte fetale, ritardo di crescita intrauterino, anomalie congenite e patologie neonatali o postnatali di diversa entità. Alcuni fattori di rischio sembrano influenzare l’incidenza di trasmissione materno-fetale dei virus, come ad esempio la presenza di altre infezioni virali, la carica virale materna, il tipo di infezione (primaria o ricorrente), la durata della rottura delle membrane, la modalità con cui avviene il parto, le condizioni socio-economiche e l’allattamento. Oggi è possibile prevenire la trasmissione materno-fetale di molti virus grazie all’utilizzo di vaccini, immunizzazione passiva e farmaci antivirali. Il rischio di trasmissione delle infezioni perinatali e postnatali, inoltre, può essere diminuito evitando l’allattamento o ricorrendo ad un parto cesareo.

Publication types

  • English Abstract
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Chickenpox / diagnosis
  • Chickenpox / prevention & control
  • Chickenpox / transmission
  • Cytomegalovirus Infections / diagnosis
  • Cytomegalovirus Infections / prevention & control
  • Cytomegalovirus Infections / transmission
  • Female
  • Fetus
  • HIV Infections / diagnosis
  • HIV Infections / prevention & control
  • HIV Infections / transmission
  • Hepatitis B / diagnosis
  • Hepatitis B / prevention & control
  • Hepatitis B / transmission
  • Hepatitis C / diagnosis
  • Hepatitis C / prevention & control
  • Hepatitis C / transmission
  • Herpes Simplex / diagnosis
  • Herpes Simplex / prevention & control
  • Herpes Simplex / transmission
  • Herpes Zoster / diagnosis
  • Herpes Zoster / prevention & control
  • Herpes Zoster / transmission
  • Humans
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical* / prevention & control
  • Measles / diagnosis
  • Measles / prevention & control
  • Measles / transmission
  • Parvoviridae Infections / diagnosis
  • Parvoviridae Infections / prevention & control
  • Parvoviridae Infections / transmission
  • Pregnancy
  • Pregnancy Complications, Infectious* / diagnosis
  • Pregnancy Complications, Infectious* / drug therapy
  • Pregnancy Complications, Infectious* / prevention & control
  • Viral Vaccines / administration & dosage
  • Viral Vaccines / therapeutic use*
  • Virus Diseases* / diagnosis
  • Virus Diseases* / drug therapy
  • Virus Diseases* / prevention & control
  • Virus Diseases* / transmission

Substances

  • Viral Vaccines