Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a severe and complicated renal infection characterized by gas formation within the infected kidney and its surrounding tissues. Early diagnosis with a high index of suspicion and aggressive treatment are important for improving outcome. Bilateral involvement is rare, and surgical intervention is usually required because of its high mortality rate. A literature review found that EPN has rarely been noted in chronic dialysis patients, and those who show bilateral EPN have demonstrated no survival at all until now. Herein, we presented a 51-year-old diabetic uremic woman who developed right emphysematous pyelitis initially and then progressed to bilateral EPN when hospitalized. Percutaneous drainage (PCD) with simultaneous antibiotic therapy successfully eradicated her renal infection. In this study, all reported cases of EPN in chronic dialysis patients were also reviewed.