Carotid artery stenosis is an important cause of transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) and ischaemic strokes, and is associated with a particularly high risk of recurrent stroke both in the acute phase and the long-term. Early secondary preventive measures would therefore seem warranted. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is an effectively therapy in patients with a severe symptomatic stenosis. Hypertension is an important risk factor for recurrent stroke both in the acute phase and the long-term. Moreover, hypertension is an important risk factor for complications of CEA. In patients on the waiting list for CEA, following a TIA or a non-disabling ischaemic stroke, it would seem worthwhile to attempt to start antihypertensive treatment after approximately 24 h, and to at least strive after a preoperative systolic blood pressure of < 180 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of < 90 mmHg. In patients who cannot undergo surgery in the desirable short run, hypotensive treatment must be considered in the context of secondary prevention. The blood pressure target level depends on the presence or absence of a severe unilateral or bilateral stenosis (> 70% lumen diameter). In postoperative hypertension one must strive after a blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg, thereby avoiding an excessively rapid hypotensive response (> 25% daily). Patients with a TIA or an ischaemic stroke and a carotid artery stenosis must also be treated with antiplatelet agents and a statin, while other vascular risk factors must be controlled.