This article presents the main contributions by Josué de Castro (1908-1973), coinciding with the centennial of the birth of this outstanding thinker, researcher, and public figure dedicated to the struggle against hunger in Brazil and the world. His holistic view of the problem is highlighted, along with its historical roots and respective solutions. The reference is human development with a sustainable economic, social, and ecological basis and participatory process. Lessons from the past can and should be included on the current agenda of major issues faced by humankind.