Adult canine Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been shown to promote neural regeneration in vivo. Since the majority of studies have been performed in rodents, it is not yet clear in how far OECs from large animals and humans share the reported properties. Moreover, due to the lack of comparative studies, it remains to be established whether Schwann cells and OECs display cell type-specific characteristics. In the present study, adult canine Schwann cells and OECs were comparatively analyzed regarding long-term growth, morphology, growth factor responsiveness, and antigenic expression. Adult canine Schwann cells and OECs displayed the same typical spindle-shaped morphology and expressed the cell type-specific marker p75(NTR). Moreover, the proliferation of both cell types was promoted by the same mitogens, including fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and heregulin-1beta (HRG-1beta). Several observations indicate that canine OECs differ from the well characterized rodent OECs and display properties reminiscent on primate cells. Both cell types (i) proliferated through multiple passages in the absence of growth factors and did not enter a senescent state until 3 months in culture, (ii) were not responsive to the cAMP-elevating agent forskolin, and (iii) stably expressed p75(NTR) in long-term culture. Taken together, this is the first report demonstrating that adult canine Schwann cells and OECs in long-term culture share the same in vitro characteristics and display primate-like properties. This underscores the relevance of the dog as a translational species between rodents and humans.