Neuropathic pain syndromes (ie, pain after a lesion or disease of the peripheral or central nervous system) are clinically characterized by spontaneous pain (ongoing, paroxysms) and evoked types of pain (hyperalgesia, allodynia). Different pathophysiologic mechanisms occur solitarily or combined at peripheral nociceptors, spinal cord, or in the brain, which cause a broad variety of signs and symptoms. Currently, the medical management is still arduous. Therefore, a new concept was proposed in which pain is analyzed on the basis of underlying mechanisms. The increased knowledge of pain-generating mechanisms and their translation into signs and symptoms may allow for a dissection of the individual mechanisms, and it ultimately should be possible to design optimal treatments for each patient.