Varicoceles is the most common identifiable cause of male infertility, and varicocele repair is a major means for the treatment of the disease. Conventional techniques of varicocele repair including Palomo operation, open inguinal varicocelectomy and laparoscopic varicocelectomy have a relatively high rate of postoperative hydrocele formation, varicocele recurrence and testicular artery injury. Recently, microsurgical varicocelectomy has gained a worldwide application in the treatment of varicocele, which can preserve the testicular artery and lymphatic vessels ligate all the spermatic but vasal veins and significantly lower the incidence of the complications. It can improve the semen parameters of male infertility patients and increase the pregnancy rate in their female partners. It can also improve the semen parameters of the patients with non-obstructive azoospermia or severe oligoasthenospermia. Nowadays microsurgical varicocelectomy has become the "golden standard" for the treatment of varicocele.