Concurrent infection with Clostridium and Plasmodium in a captive king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus

Avian Pathol. 1994 Jun;23(2):373-80. doi: 10.1080/03079459408419007.

Abstract

Concurrent infection with Plasmodium relictum and Clostridium perfringens Type B was diagnosed in a king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) that died in the National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria. Macro- and microscopic pathological changes were mainly due to C. perfringens. The relative significance of the two pathogens is discussed.