Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of venous malformation of the limbs and trunk and known but poorly appraised associated coagulation disorders. Venous malformations are ubiquitous, slow-flow vascular anomalies known to be occasionally painful because of thrombotic episodes inside the lesion.
Design: Large case series, with screening of accepted standard coagulation tests.
Setting: Ambulatory multidisciplinary clinics for vascular anomalies.
Patients: This 2-year study (2003-2005) included 118 patients with clinical, radiological, and biological features informative for better defining venous malformation and associated coagulation abnormalities.
Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was coagulation disorders associated with VM. Secondary measures include anatomic location, extent of lesion, localized pain, and impaired motion.
Results: The mean age of patients was 27 years, and there was a female preponderance of 64%. The venous malformation involved the upper extremity, lower extremity, and trunk in 30%, 58%, and 36% of patients, respectively; it was plurifocal in 22%. Intralesional pain (in 92% of patients) had a higher frequency in female (63%) than in male (47%) patients. Tissular involvement concerned the skin (65%), muscle (73%), bone (13%), joints (12%), and viscera (9%). According to our severity scoring system, cases of less gravity had a score of 2 or 3 (52%), cases of intermediate severity had a score of 4 or 5 (32%), and cases of major severity had a score of 6 to 9 (10%). The most frequent blood coagulation abnormality was a high plasma D-dimer level (> 0.5 microg/mL) (58% of patients), which was correlated with muscle involvement and high severity score and was more frequent in women. The factor VIII-von Willebrand factor complex was documented in 84 patients, and plasma von Willebrand factor level was decreased (<60%) in 23 (27%) of them; 10 of the 84 patients (12%) had more notably decreased levels (<50%).
Conclusions: This study of a large case series of patients with pure venous malformation in the limbs and/or trunk highlights muscle involvement and frequency of pain. It validates that coagulation disorders, present in 58% of our patients, create thrombotic painful events. Under certain circumstances, these disorders entail a risk of hemorrhage because of the progression of localized intravascular coagulopathy to disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.