Out-of-sample extrapolation of learned manifolds

IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell. 2008 Sep;30(9):1547-56. doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2007.70813.

Abstract

We investigate the problem of extrapolating the embedding of a manifold learned from finite samples to novel out-of-sample data. We concentrate on the manifold learning method called Maximum Variance Unfolding (MVU) for which the extrapolation problem is still largely unsolved. Taking the perspective of MVU learning being equivalent to Kernel PCA, our problem reduces to extending a kernel matrix generated from an unknown kernel function to novel points. Leveraging on previous developments, we propose a novel solution which involves approximating the kernel eigenfunction using Gaussian basis functions. We also show how the width of the Gaussian can be tuned to achieve extrapolation. Experimental results which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach are also included.

MeSH terms

  • Algorithms*
  • Artificial Intelligence*
  • Image Enhancement / methods*
  • Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / methods*
  • Pattern Recognition, Automated / methods*
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Sensitivity and Specificity