Bioactive composites for bone regeneration. Review

Abstract

Beside auto- and allogeneic bone chips used for filling bone lesions or to enhance of bone regeneration, various types of ceramics, natural and synthetized bone mineral hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate, as well as numerous polymers and co-polymers of alfa-hydroxy acids are widely used. These materials in a pure form demonstrate good osteoconductivity, but very rarely are osteoinductive. However, deposition of osteogenic cells on their surface, most frequently derived from bone marrow stroma enables such "constructs" or "composites" to maintain osteogenic differentiation, both in vitro, where expression of several types of osteogenic markers, such as alkaline phosphatase expression, collagen type I synthesis, osteocalcin expression, mineralization is detected, and in vivo, where they form sites of histogenesis of bone and later of bone marrow.