The alpha-chain is a specific component of FcepsilonRI, which is essential for the cell surface expression of FcepsilonRI and the binding of IgE. Recently, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the alpha-chain promoter, -315C>T and -66T>C, have been shown by statistic studies to associate with allergic diseases. The effect of -66 SNP on GATA-1-mediated promoter activity has been already indicated. In the present study, to investigate roles of the -315 SNP on the alpha-chain promoter functions, the transcription activity was evaluated by reporter assay. The alpha-chain promoter carrying -315T (minor allele) possessed significantly higher transcriptional activity than that of -315C (major allele). EMSA indicated that the transcription factor Sp1, but not Myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ), was bound to the -315C allele probe and that a transcription factor belonging to a high mobility group-family bound to the -315T allele probe. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay suggested that high mobility group 1, 2, and Sp1 bound around -315 of FcepsilonRIalpha genomic DNA in vivo in the human basophil cell line KU812 with -315C/T and in human peripheral blood basophils with -315C/C, respectively. When cell surface expression level of FcepsilonRI on basophils was analyzed by flow cytometry, basophils from individuals carrying -315T allele expressed significantly higher amount of FcepsilonRI compared with those of -315C/C. The findings demonstrate that a -315 SNP significantly affects human FcepsilonRI alpha-chain promoter activity and expression level of FcepsilonRI on basophils by binding different transcription factors to the SNP site.