Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) used in COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are recommended only in combination with a long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) in stage 3 and higher in COPD treatment guidelines. In comparison to placebo and the single components, a superior control by means of the ICS/LABA fixed combination therapy has been demonstrated for clinical improvement in the following parameters: reduction of exacerbation rate and hospitalisations, reduction of dyspnoea and improvement of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). In contrast to data from database studies, the large prospective TORCH (Towards a Revolution in COPD Health) trial found in the ICS/LABA group a beneficial effect on the reduction of mortality only as a trend in the ICS/LABA group, which did not reach statistical significance. In long-term trials, ICS treated patients experienced up to 10% oral and/or pharyngeal candidiasis. ICS was associated with an excess risk of pneumonia, which doubles the pneumonia incidence in patients not receiving ICS. The probability of having pneumonia reported as an adverse event was 18-19 % in the ICS groups and resulted in a 1.7-2.2 elevated pneumonia risk. Because ICS therapy is recommended only in conjunction with a bronchodilator, fixed ICS/LABA combinations are a logical consequence for COPD long-term therapy.