Evidence has been accumulating that the cerebellum in vertebrates contributes not only to the well-known postural balance, motor coordination, and the acquisition of skilled movements, but also to the higher cognitive function. However, there exist controversies about how the modular organization, being uniformly distributed throughout the cerebellum, fits with its roles in the motor learning and the classical conditioning, and these have long been hot spots in neuroscience research. Here, some basic advances in these respects were reviewed.