Cell division is probably the most dramatic event in the life of a cell : the entire genetic material has to be equally distributed into the two daughter cells. Segregation errors have severe consequences and lead to either cell death or the generation of aneuploid cells and may cause the formation of tumors or tumor promoting mutations in somatic cells. In meiosis, they provoke the generation of aneuploid embryos and/or spontaneous abortions. Trisomies in humans, such as trisomy 21, are due to the missegregation of one chromosome in the first meiotic division in the oocyte. This review deals with the molecular mechanisms regulating the two meiotic divisions required for the generation of female haploid germ cells. Here we focus mainly on spindle assembly, and cell cycle regulation especially during the first meiotic division in mouse oocytes (excellent reviews have been written on the peculiar aspects of cell cycle regulation in meiosis II, such as the CSF arrest).