It has been validated that perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) can be considered as emerging persistent organic pollutants. In recent years, there are increasing distribution of PFOS/PFOA in environmental systems, and accumulation and toxic effects of PFOS/PFOA in living organisms. Thus, environmental pollution and biological exposure of PFOS/PFOA were firstly analyzed on the basis of their pollution levels, exposure to wild animals, exposure to human bodies, and changing trends in pollution and exposure. Secondly, movement and transformation behaviors of PFOS/PFOA in environment were expounded on the basis of their transport and transformation processes in air environment, wastewater and sewage sludge, and their accumulation, metabology and degradation processes in living organisms. Some recent important advances in ecological effects of PFOS/PFOA and their possible mechanisms were summarized. Finally, the future emphases of research on pollution ecology of PFOS/PFOA were tentatively suggested.