In rats, the possibility of neuroanatomical changes in response to partial medial prefrontal cortex lesions at postnatal day 6, concomitant with behavioural sparing, was investigated. The projections from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) and the mesocortical dopaminergic (DA) projection were examined. No indications were found for a changed pattern of projection from MD in response to either a neonatal or an adult medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) lesion. However, the DA innervation was changed after neonatal mPFC lesions. In the remainder of the mPFC, the DA fibre network proved to be denser, fibres were thicker, had more varicosities, and often the background staining was higher. None of these phenomena were seen in operated adult rats or in controls. It is postulated that the changes in DA innervation might contribute to the sparing of function observed in the spatial delayed alternation task.