The current paper considers a new perspective in research and designing which ergonomics is facing at present. It is related to a spectacular progress in neuroscience. Implementing both the latest research results concerning the functioning of neural systems and new non-invasive techniques of brain examination in ergonomics constitutes a serious challenge and, simultaneously, offers unprecedented opportunities for the discipline. This paper posits that assuming a neuroergonomic perspective in ergonomic research and designing leads to a new quality. Knowledge concerning neural structures and mechanisms responsible for behavioural, cognitive and emotional activity will force out the knowledge based on psychological constructs from the field of ergonomics. We are questioning the perception of neuroergonomics as a discipline which resorts to psychological constructs. We are postulating rejecting such constructs in neuroergonomic field as too general in their formulation of certain regularities and failing to ensure satisfying accuracy of measurement.