A 2.6 kb ClaI-BamHI DNA fragment of megaplasmid 2 of Rhizobium meliloti 2011 was found to carry genes involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis and infection of alfalfa nodules. The analysis of the nucleotide sequence of this DNA fragment revealed the existence of two open reading frames (ORFs) running in opposite directions. Plasmid integration mutagenesis showed that these ORFs are organized as two monocistronic transcription units. One of the ORFs represents a new exo gene designated exoZ, which is involved in, but not essential for, the production of acidic exopolysaccharide. However, exoZ is not necessary for nodule formation with alfalfa. The ExoZ protein was found to show homology (23.3%) to the NodX protein of the R. leguminosarum biovar viciae strain TOM, known to be essential for nodulating the primitive Afghanistan pea. The second identified ORF corresponds to the exoB locus. The deduced amino acid sequence of the ExoB protein is homologous (39.6%) to that of the Escherichia coli GalE protein. In R. meliloti, exoB codes for a UDP-glucose 4-epimerase. A deficiency in the activity of this enzyme fully accounts for all the multiple carbohydrate defects that have been observed in exoB mutants.