The human checkpoint sensor Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 interacts with and stimulates DNA repair enzyme TDG glycosylase

Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(18):6207-18. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm678. Epub 2007 Sep 12.

Abstract

Human (h) DNA repair enzyme thymine DNA glycosylase (hTDG) is a key DNA glycosylase in the base excision repair (BER) pathway that repairs deaminated cytosines and 5-methyl-cytosines. The cell cycle checkpoint protein Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 (the 9-1-1 complex) is the surveillance machinery involved in the preservation of genome stability. In this study, we show that hTDG interacts with hRad9, hRad1 and hHus1 as individual proteins and as a complex. The hHus1 interacting domain is mapped to residues 67-110 of hTDG, and Val74 of hTDG plays an important role in the TDG-Hus1 interaction. In contrast to the core domain of hTDG (residues 110-308), hTDG(67-308) removes U and T from U/G and T/G mispairs, respectively, with similar rates as native hTDG. Human TDG activity is significantly stimulated by hHus1, hRad1, hRad9 separately, and by the 9-1-1 complex. Interestingly, the interaction between hRad9 and hTDG, as detected by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), is enhanced following N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) treatment. A significant fraction of the hTDG nuclear foci co-localize with hRad9 foci in cells treated with methylating agents. Thus, the 9-1-1 complex at the lesion sites serves as both a damage sensor to activate checkpoint control and a component of the BER.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Binding Sites
  • Cell Cycle Proteins / metabolism*
  • DNA Damage
  • DNA Repair*
  • Enzyme Activation
  • Exonucleases / metabolism*
  • HeLa Cells
  • Humans
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Thymine DNA Glycosylase / analysis
  • Thymine DNA Glycosylase / chemistry
  • Thymine DNA Glycosylase / metabolism*

Substances

  • Cell Cycle Proteins
  • HUS1 protein, human
  • HUS1B protein, human
  • rad9 protein
  • Exonucleases
  • Rad1 protein, human
  • Thymine DNA Glycosylase